National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center

About NSRRC / Staff Directory

Materials Science Group

Name：	林彥谷( Yan-Gu Lin )
EXT.：	7120
E-mail：	lin.yg@nsrrc.org.tw
Education：	Ph.D Department of Material Science and Enginnering, National Chiao Tung University (2010) M.S. Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Feng Chia University (2004) B.S. Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Feng Chia University (2002)
Experience：	Deputy Division Head of Scientific Research Division at NSRRC(2022-present) Group leader of Material Science Group, NSRRC (2021-present) Associate Scientist, NSRRC (2019-present) Assistant Scientist, NSRRC (2014-2018) Post-doctoral Visiting Scholar, Argonne National Lab (2012-2013) Post-doctoral Researcher, Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica (2011-2013) Post-doctoral Researcher, Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University (2010-2011)
Endstation：	TLS 17B1 X-ray Scattering Beamline
Research Interests：	Energy Materials Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Generation Heterogeneous Catalysis Electrochemical Capacitor Fuel Cells
Selected Publications：	S.W. Chen, E.W. HUANG, S.M. Chiu, M. Reid, C.Y. Wu, A. M. Paradowska, T.N. Lam, Y.H. Wu, S. Y. Lee, S.C. Lu, S.A. Chen, Y.G. Lin, S.C. Weng, “Diffraction-based Residual Stress Mapping of a Stress Frame of Gray Iron via Vibratory Stress Relief Method” Frontiers in Materials, Vol. 9, pp 859342 (2022). S. Zhou, C.L. Chiang, J. Zhao, G. Cheng, T. Bashir, W. Yin, J. Yao, S. Yang, W. Li, J. Wang, X. Wang, Y.G. Lin, L. Gao, “Extra Storage Capacity Enabled by Structural Defects in Pseudocapacitive NbN Monocrystals for High-energy Hybrid Supercapacitors” Adv. Funct. Mater., pp 2112592 (2022). Y. Li, C.K. Peng, H. Hu, S.Y. Chen, J. Choi, Y.G. Lin, J.M. Lee, “Interstitial Boron-Triggered Electron-Deficient Os Aerogels for Enhanced pH-Universal Hydrogen Evolution” Nature Communications, Vol. 13, pp 1143 (2022). X. Kuai, K. Li, J. Chen, H. Wang, J. Yao, C.L. Chiang, T. Liu, H. Ye, J. Zhao, Y.G. Lin, L. Zhang, V. Nicolosi, L. Gao, “Interfacial Engineered Vanadium Oxide Nanoheterostructures Synchronizing High-Energy and Long-Term Potassium-Ion Storage” ACS Nano, Vol. 16, pp 1502–1510 (2022). C.J. Chang, C.L. Huang, Y.H. Yu, M.C. Teng, C.L. Chiang, Y.G. Lin, “Electron transfer dynamics and enhanced H2 production activity of hydrangea-like BiOBr/Bi2S3-based photocatalysts with Cu-complex as a redox mediator” Applied Surface Science, Vol. 576, pp 151870 (2022). T.T. Wang, C.L. Chiang, S. Narra, J.L. Lin, S.W. Chien, J.C. Yu, E. Diau, Y.G. Lin, M.C. Lin, “Synergistic effects of plasmonic gold and perovskite-type SrTiO3 for enhanced photocatalytic performance of TiO2 nanotube arrays” Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 125, pp 24340–24349 (2021). (Selected as the Journal Cover) M. Wang, Y. Xu, C.K. Peng, S.Y. Chen, Y.G. Lin, Z. Hu, L. Sun, S. Ding, C.W. Pao, Q. Shao, and X. Huang, “Site-Specified Two-Dimensional Heterojunction of Pt Nanoparticles/Metal–Organic Frameworks for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution” Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 143, pp 16512–16518 (2021). C.Y. Lin, S.C. Huang, Y.G. Lin, L.C. Hsu, C.T. Yi, “Electrosynthesized Ni-P nanospheres with high activity and selectivity towards photoelectrochemical plastics reforming” Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Vol. 296, pp120351 (2021). C. Deng, K.H. Wu, X. Lu, S. Cheong, R. D. Tilley, C.L. Chiang, Y.C. Lin, Y.G. Lin, W. Yan, J. Scott, R. Amal, D.W. Wang, “Ligand-Promoted Cooperative Electrochemical Oxidation of Bio-Alcohol on Distorted Cobalt Hydroxides for Bio-Hydrogen Extraction” ChemSusChem, Vol. 14, pp2612-2620 (2021). C.J. Chang, M.C. Teng, J.K. Chen, Y.G. Lin, C.Y. Chen, “Microwave solvothermal synthesis of cubic MnS@Ag2S core-shell photocatalysts with improved charge separation and photocatalytic activity” Applied Surface Science, Vol. 558, pp149875 (2021). N.V. Mdlovu, N.C. Yang, K.S. Lin, C.J. Chang, K.T. Dinh, Y.G. Lin, “Formulation and characterization of W-doped titania nanotubes for adsorption/photodegradation of methylene blue and basic violet 3 dyes” Catalysis Today, DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2021.03.015 (2021). M. Wang, X. Dong, Z. Meng, Z. Hu, Y.G. Lin, C.K. Peng, H. Wang, C.W. Pao, S. Ding, Y. Li, Q. Shao, X. Huang,“An Efficient Interfacial Synthesis of Two-Dimensional Metal-Organic Framework Nanosheets for Electrochemical Hydrogen Peroxide Production” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., Vol. 60, pp11190-11195 (2021). C.J. Chang, Y.G. Lin, J.K. Chen, C.Y. Huang, S.C. Hsieh, S.Y. Wu, “Ionic liquid/surfactant-hydrothermal synthesis of dendritic PbS@CuS core-shell photocatalysts with improved photocatalytic performance” Applied Surface Science, Vol. 546, pp149106 (2021). H.C. Kuo, Y.G. Lin, C.L. Chiang, S.H. Liu,“FeN@N-doped graphitic biochars derived from hydrothermal-microwave pyrolysis of cellulose biomass for fuel cell catalysts” Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Vol. 153, pp 104991 (2021). Y.C. Lin, C.K. Peng, S.C. Lim, C.L. Chen, T.N. Nguyễn, T.T. Wang, M.C. Lin, Y.J. Hsu, S.Y. Chen, Y.G. Lin,“Tailoring the Surface Oxygen Engineering of a Carbon-Quantum-Dot-Sensitized ZnO@H-ZnO1-x Multijunction toward Efficient Charge Dynamics and Photoactivity Enhancement” Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Vol. 285, pp 119846 (2021). T.T. Wang, Y.T. Yang, S.C. Lim, C.L. Chiang, J.S. Lim, Y.C. Lin, C.K. Peng, M.C. Lin, Y.G. Lin, “Hydrogenation engineering of bimetallic Ag-Cu-modified-titania photocatalysts for production of hydrogen” Catal. Today, DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2020.11.012 (2021). C.C. Hsieh, Y.G. Lin, C.L. Chiang, W.R. Liu,“ Carbon-coated porous Si/C composite anode materials via two-step etching/coating processes for lithium-ion batteries” Ceramics International, Vol. 46, pp 26598-26607 (2020). K. Tian, H. Lu, L. Bu, X. Huang, C.L. Chiang, S. Yang, Y. Zhao, Y.G. Lin, J. Zhao, L. Gao,“ Exploring Lithium Storage Mechanism and Cycling Stability of Bi2Mo3O12 Binary Metal Oxide Anode Composited with Ti3C2 Mxene” Batteries & Supercaps, Vol. 3, pp 1296–1305 (2020). (Selected as the Journal Cover) Y. Lin, H. Wang, C.K. Peng, L. Bu, C.L. Chiang, K. Tian, Y. Zhao, J. Zhao, Y.G. Lin, J.M. Lee, L. Gao,“ Co-Induced Electronic Optimization of Hierarchical NiFe LDH for Oxygen Evolution” Small, Vol. 16, pp 2002426 (2020). W.H. Zhong, Z. Wang, S. Han, L. Deng, J. Yu, Y.G. Lin, X. Long, M. Gu, S.H. Yang,“Identifying the Active Sites of a Single Atom Catalyst with pH-Universal Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity” Cell Reports Physical Science, Vol. 1, pp 100115 (2020). V.Q. Le, P.A. Le, S.C. Wu, Y.H. Lai, Y.G. Lin, K.H. Wei, Y.H. Chu, Y.L. Chueh, “Transparent Flexible Heteroepitaxy of NiO Coated AZO Nanorods Arrays on Muscovites for Enhanced Energy Storage Application” Small, Vol. 16, pp 2000020 (2020). H.C. Kuo, S.H. Liu, Y.G. Lin, C.L. Chiang, D.C.W. Tsang, “Synthesis of FeCo-N@N-doped carbon oxygen reduction catalysts via microwave-assisted ammoxidation” Catalysis Science & Technology, Vol. 10, pp 3949 (2020). R. Muruganantham, I.V.B. Maggay, J.Y. Huang, Y.G. Lin, C.C. Yang, W.R. Liu, “Tailoring the mesoporous ZnMn2O4 spheres as anode materials with excellent cycle stability for sodium-ion batteries” Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 13, pp 156018 (2020). K.A. Tsai, P.Y. Hsieh, T.H. Lai, C.W. Tsao, H. Pan, Y.G. Lin, Y.J. Hsu, “Nitrogen-doped Graphene Quantum Dots for Remarkable Solar Hydrogen Production” ACS Appl. Energy Mater., Vol. 3, pp 5322 (2020). Y.R. Lu, Y.F. Wang, H.W. Chang, Y.C. Huang, J.L. Chen, C.L. Chen, Y.C. Lin, Y.G. Lin, W.F. Pong, T. Ohigashi, N. Kosugi, C.H. Kuo, W.C. Chou, C.L. Dong, “Effect of Fe2O3 coating on ZnO nanowires in photoelectrochemical water splitting: A synchrotron x-ray spectroscopic and spectromicroscopic investigation” Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, Vol. 209, pp110469 (2020). T.T. Wang, C.L. Chiang, Y.C. Lin, V. Srinivasadesikan, M.C. Lin, Y.G. Lin, “KSCN-activation of Hydrogenated NiO/TiO2 for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution” Applied Surface Science, Vol. 511, pp145548 (2020). T.T. Wang, Y.C. Lin, M.C. Lin, Y.G. Lin , “Au-assisted Methanol-hydrogenated Titanium Dioxide for Photocatalytic Evolution of Hydrogen” Catal. Today, Vol. 358, pp143-148 (2020). H. Wang, X. Xiao, S. Liu, C.L. Chiang, X. Kuai, C.K. Peng, Y.C. Lin, X. Meng, J. Zhao, J. Choi, Y.G. Lin, J.M. Lee, L. Gao, “Structural and Electronic Optimization of MoS2 Edges for Hydrogen Evolution” J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 141, pp18578 (2019). Y.C. Lin, L.C. Hsu, C.Y. Lin, C.L. Chiang, C.M. Chou, W.W. Wu, S.Y. Chen, Y.G. Lin, “Sandwich-nanostructured n-Cu2O/AuAg/p-Cu2O Photocathode with Highly Positive Onset Potential for Improved Water Reduction” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, Vol. 11, pp38625 (2019). X. Bu, C.L. Chiang, R. Wei, Z. Li, Y. Meng, C.K. Peng, Y.C. Lin, Y. Li, Y.G. Lin, K.S. Chan, J.C. Ho, “2D Cobalt Phosphate Hydroxide Nanosheets: A New Type of High-Performance Electrocatalysts with Intrinsic CoO6 Lattice Distortion for Water Oxidation” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, Vol. 11, pp38633 (2019). R. Muruganantham, I.V.B. Maggay, L.M.Z.D. Juan, M.T. Nguyen, T. Yonezawa, C.H. Lin, Y.G. Lin, W.R. Liu, “Electrochemical exploration of the effects of calcination temperature of a mesoporous zinc vanadate anode material on the performance of Na-ion batteries” Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers, Vol. 6, pp2653 (2019). X. Zhu, X. Tan, K.H. Wu, C.L. Chiang, Y.C. Lin, Y.G. Lin, D.W. Wang, S. Smith, X. Lu, R. Amal, “N,P co-coordinated Fe species embedded in carbon hollow spheres for oxygen electrocatalysis” J. Mater. Chem. A, Vol. 7, pp14732 (2019). P. Sabhapathy, C.C. Liao, W.F. Chen, T.Ch. Chou, I. Shown, A. Sabbah, Y.G. Lin, J.F. Lee, M.K. Tsai, K.H. Chen, L.C. Chen, “Highly efficient nitrogen and carbon coordinated N-Co-C electrocatalysts on reduced graphene oxide derived from vitamin-B12 for the hydrogen evolution reaction” J. Mater. Chem. A, Vol. 7, pp7179 (2019). Y.C. Shen, C.Y. Tung, C.Y. Huang, Y.C. Lin, Y.G. Lin, R.H. Horng, “Study on optoelectronic characteristic of ZnGa2O4 thin-film phototransistors” ACS Appl. Electronic Materials, Vol. 1, pp783 (2019). T.T. Wang, P. Raghunath, Y.C. Lin, Y.G. Lin, M.C. Lin, “Effective hydrogenation of TiO2 photocatalysts with CH3OH for enhanced water splitting: A computational and X-ray study” Applied Surface Science, Vol. 488, pp546 (2019). C.J. Chang, Y.G. Lin, P.Y. Chao, J.K. Chen, “AgI-BiOI-graphene composite photocatalysts with enhanced interfacial charge transfer and photocatalytic H2 production activity” Applied Surface Science, Vol. 469, pp703 (2019). C.J. Chang, Y.G. Lin, H.T. Weng, Y.H. Wei, “Photocatalytic hydrogen production from glycerol solution at room temperature by ZnO-ZnS/graphene photocatalysts” Applied Surface Science, Vol. 451, pp198 (2018). Y.C. Chen, Y.K. Hsu, R. Popescu, D. Gerthsen, Y.G. Lin, C. Feldmann, “Au@Nb@HxK1-xNbO3 nanopeapods with nearinfrared active plasmonic hot-electron injection for water splitting” Nature Communications, Vol. 9, pp232 (2018). S.H. Tsai, S. Basu, C.Y. Huang, L.C. Hsu, Y.G. Lin, R.H. Horng, “Deep-ultraviolet Photodetectors Based on Epitaxial ZnGa2O4 Thin Films” Scientific Reports, Vol. 8, pp14056 (2018). H.C. Chiu, W.H. Huang, L.C. Hsu, Y.G. Lin, Y.H. Lai, C.Y. Lin, “Calcium containing iron oxide as an efficient and robust catalyst in (photo-)electrocatalytic water oxidation at neutral pH” Sustainable Energy & Fuels, Vol. 2, pp271 (2018). K.S. Lin, Y.G. Lin, H.W. Cheng, Y.H. Haung, “Preparation and characterization of V-Loaded titania nanotubes for adsorption/photocatalysis of basic dye and environmental hormone contaminated wastewaters” Catalysis Today, Vol. 307, pp119-130 (2018). C.L. Chiang, K.S. Lin, P.J. Hsu, Y.G. Lin, “Synthesis and characterization of magnetic zinc and manganese ferrite catalysts for decomposition of carbon dioxide into methane” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 42, pp22123-22137 (2017). C.L. Chiang, K.S. Lin, S.H. Yu, Y.G. Lin, “Synthesis and Characterization of H3PW12O40/Ce0.1Ti0.9O2 for Dimethyl Carbonate Formation via Methanol Carbonation” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 42, pp22108-22122 (2017). C.L. Chiang, K.S. Lin, Y.G. Lin, “Preparation and Characterization of Ni5Ga3 for Methanol Formation via CO2 Hydrogenation” Topics in Catalysis, Vol. 60, pp685-696 (2017). T.T. Wang, P. Raghunath, Y.G. Lin, M.C. Lin, “Synergistic Effect of Hydrogenation and Thiocyanate Treatments on Ag-Loaded TiO2 Nanoparticles for Solar-to-Hydrogen Conversion” J. Phys. Chem. C, Vol. 121, pp9681-9690 (2017). Y.C. Chen, J.H. Hsu, Y.G. Lin, Y.K. Hsu, “Silver Nanowires on Coffee Filter as Dual-sensing Functionality for Efficient and Low-cost SERS Substrate and Electrochemical Detection” Sensors & Actuators B: Chemical, Vol. 245, pp189-195 (2017). Y.C. Chen, Z.B. Chen, Y.G. Lin, Y.K. Hsu, “Synthesis of Copper Phosphide Nanotube Arrays as Electrodes for Asymmetric Supercapacitors” ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 5, pp 3863-3870 (2017). Y.C. Chen, Y.G. Lin, Y.K. Hsu, “Biomimicry of Cuscuta Electrode Design Endows Hybrid Capacitor with Ultrahigh Energy Density Exceeding 2 mWh cm-2 at a Power Delivery of 25 mW cm-2” Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 5, pp 4779-4784 (2017). Y.C. Chen, J.H. Hsu, Z.B. Chen, Y.G. Lin, Y.K. Hsu, “Fabrication of Fe3O4 Nanotube Arrays for High-Performance Non-Enzymatic Detection of Glucose” Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 788, pp144-149 (2017). S.G. Zybtsev, V.Ya. Pokrovskii, V.F. Nasretdinova, S.V. Zaitsev-Zotov, V.V. Pavlovskiy, A.B. Odobesco, Woei Wu Pai, M.-W. Chu, Y.G. Lin, E. Zupanič, H.J.P. van Midden, S. Šturm, E. Tchernychova, A.Prodan, J.C. Bennett, I.R. Mukhamedshin, O.V. Chernysheva, A.P. Menushenkov, V.B.Loginov, M. Abdel-Hafiez, B.A. Loginov, A.N.Titov, “NbS3 – a unique quasi one-dimensional conductor with three charge density wave transitions” Physical Review B, Vol. 95, pp035110 (2017). Y.K. Hsu, Z.B. Chen, Y.C. Chen, Y.G. Lin, “Room-temperature Fabrication of Cu Nanobrushes for an Effective Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering Substrate” CrystEngComm, Vol. 18, pp8284-8290 (2016). Y.G. Lin, Y.K. Hsu, Y.C. Lin, Y.C. Chen, “Hierarchical Fe2O3 nanotube/nickel foam electrodes for electrochemical energy storage” Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 216, pp287-294 (2016). Y.G. Lin, Y.K. Hsu, Y.C. Lin, Y.C. Chen, “Electrodeposited Fe2TiO5 Nanostructures for Photoelectrochemical Oxidation of Water” Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 213, pp898-903 (2016). Y.G. Lin, Y.K. Hsu, Y.C. Lin, Y.H. Cheng, S.Y. Chen, Y.C. Chen, “Synthesis of Cu2O Nanoparticle Films at Room temperature for Solar Water Splitting” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 471, pp76-80 (2016). Y.C. Chen, Y.G. Lin, L.C. Hsu, A. Tarasov, P.T. Chen, M. Hayashi, J. Ungelenk, Y.K. Hsu, C. Feldmann, “β-SnWO4 Photocatalyst with Controlled Morphological Transition of Cubes to Spikecubes” ACS Catalysis, Vol. 6, pp2357-2367 (2016). (Selected as the Journal Cover) C.P. Lee, W.F. Chen, T. Billo, Y.G. Lin, F.Y. Fu, S. Samireddi, C.H. Lee, J.S. Hwang, K.H. Chen, L.C. Chen, “Beaded stream-like CoSe2 nanoneedle array for efficient hydrogen evolution electrocatalysis” Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 4, pp4553-4561 (2016). Y.G. Lin, Y.K. Hsu, C.J. Chuang, Y.C. Lin, Y.C. Chen, “Thermally Activated Cu/Cu2S/ZnO Nanoarchitectures with Surface-Plasmon-Enhanced Raman Scattering” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 464, pp66-72 (2016). Y.K. Hsu, Y.C. Chen, Y.G. Lin, “Novel ZnO/Fe2O3 Core-shell Nanowires for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 7, pp14157-14162 (2015). Y.K. Hsu, Y.C. Chen, and Y.G. Lin, “Spontaneous Formation of CuO Nanosheets on Cu Foil for H2O2 Detection” Applied Surface Science, Vol. 354, pp85-89 (2015). Y.K. Hsu, J.R. Wu, M.H. Chen, Y.C. Chen, and Y.G. Lin, “Fabrication of Homojunction Cu2O Solar Cells by Electrochemical Deposition” Applied Surface Science, Vol. 354, pp8-13 (2015). Y.C. Chang, S.N. Hsiao, S.H. Liu, S.H. Su, K.F. Chiu, W.C. Hsieh, S.K. Chen, Y.G. Lin, H.Y. Lee, C. K. Sung, and J.G. Duh, ”Effect of L12 ordering in antiferromagnetic Ir-Mn epitaxial layer on exchange bias of FePd films” Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 117, pp17D154 (2015). Y.K. Hsu, H.H. Lin, M.H. Chen, Y.C. Chen, and Y.G. Lin, ”Polarity-dependent Performance of p-Cu2O/n-ZnO Solar Cells” Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 144, pp295-299 (2014). Y.K. Hsu, Y.C. Chen, and Y.G. Lin, ”Synthesis of CuS Nanowire Arrays for High-performance Supercapacitors” Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 139, pp401-407 (2014). Y.G. Lin, Y.K. Hsu, Y.C. Chen, B.W. Lee, J.S. Hwang, L.C. Chen, and K.H. Chen, ” Cobalt-Phosphate-Assisted Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation by Arrays of Molybdenum-Doped Zinc Oxide Nanorods” ChemSusChem, Vol. 7, pp2748-2754 (2014). Y.C. Chen, Y.G. Lin, Y.K. Hsu, S.C. Yen, K.H. Chen, and L.C. Chen, ”Novel Iron Oxyhydroxide Lepidocrocite Nanosheet as Ultrahigh Power Density Anode Material for Asymmetric Supercapacitors” Small, Vol. 10, pp3803-3810 (2014). S.Y. Fu, Y.K. Hsu, M.H. Chen, C.J. Chuang, Y.C. Chen, and Y.G. Lin, ”Silver-decorated hierarchical cuprous oxide micro/nanospheres as highly effective surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrates” Optics Express, Vol. 22, pp14617-14624 (2014). Y.G. Lin, Y.C. Chen, J.T. Miller, L.C. Chen, K.H. Chen, and Y.K. Hsu, ”Hierarchically Porous Calcium-containing Manganese Dioxide Nanorod Bundles with Superior Photoelectrochemical Activity” ChemCatChem, Vol. 6, pp1684-1690 (2014). Y.K. Hsu, H.H. Lin, J.R. Wu, M.H. Chen, Y.C. Chen, and Y.G. Lin, ”Electrochemical Growth and Characterization of p-Cu2O Thin Film on n-ZnO Nanorods for Solar Cell Application” RSC Advances, Vol. 4, pp7655-7659 (2014). Y.K. Hsu, S.Y. Fu, M.H. Chen, Y.C. Chen, and Y.G. Lin, ”Synthesis of Pt Nanoparticles/ZnO Nanorods Array for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting” Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 120, pp1-5 (2014). Y.G. Lin, Y.K. Hsu, A.M. Basilio, Y.T. Chen, K.H. Chen, and L.C. Chen, ”Photoelectrochemical activity on Ga-polar and N-polar GaN surfaces for energy conversion” Optics Express, Vol. 22, ppA21-A27 (2014).